2D Essentials in Godot 4.3+

All examples target Godot 4.3+ with no deprecated APIs. GDScript is shown first, then C#.

Related skills: player-controller for CharacterBody2D movement patterns, animation-system for AnimatedSprite2D and sprite animation, physics-system for collision shapes and raycasting, camera-system for Camera2D follow and shake, shader-basics for 2D shaders and post-processing, godot-optimization for rendering and draw call tuning.

1. Canvas Layers and Draw Order

Draw Order Rules

Within a single canvas layer, nodes draw in scene tree order — nodes listed lower in the Scene panel draw on top. Use z_index to override without rearranging the tree.

# Draw this node above siblings (default z_index is 0)
z_index = 10

# Make z_index relative to parent (default: false = global)
z_as_relative = true

CanvasLayer

CanvasLayer creates a separate rendering layer with its own transform, independent of the camera. Higher layer values draw on top.

# Scene tree example
Main
├── ParallaxBackground (CanvasLayer, layer = -1)
│   └── Parallax2D
├── World (Node2D — default layer 0)
│   ├── TileMapLayer
│   └── Player
└── HUD (CanvasLayer, layer = 1)
    └── Control

Note: CanvasLayers are NOT required to control draw order. For objects within the same game world, use z_index or scene tree ordering. CanvasLayers are for elements that should be independent of the camera (HUD, parallax, transitions).

Canvas Transform

Camera2D works by modifying the viewport's canvas_transform. For manual control:

# Scroll the canvas directly (equivalent to camera movement)
get_viewport().canvas_transform = Transform2D(0, Vector2(-200, 0))

Coordinate Conversion

# Local to canvas (world) coordinates
var world_pos: Vector2 = get_global_transform() * local_pos
var local_pos: Vector2 = get_global_transform().affine_inverse() * world_pos

# Local to screen coordinates (accounts for camera, stretch, window)
var screen_pos: Vector2 = get_viewport().get_screen_transform() * get_global_transform_with_canvas() * local_pos

// Local to canvas (world) coordinates
Vector2 worldPos = GetGlobalTransform() * localPos;
Vector2 localFromWorld = GetGlobalTransform().AffineInverse() * worldPos;

// Local to screen coordinates
Vector2 screenPos = GetViewport().GetScreenTransform() * GetGlobalTransformWithCanvas() * localPos;

2. TileMap System

TileMapLayer (Godot 4.5+) is the modern API — one tilemap = one node = one layer. Drive painting with a TileSet resource (atlas + properties + physics + custom data). Use terrain autotiling for biome-aware tile selection, scene collection tiles for placing scene instances on tiles.

See [references/tilemap.md](references/tilemap.md) for full TileSet setup, atlas / physics / terrain configuration, custom data on tiles, scene collection tiles, and the 4.5+ tile-collision-bump auto-merge fix.

3. Parallax Scrolling

Parallax2D (Godot 4.4+) replaces the older ParallaxBackground/ParallaxLayer pair. Set scrollscale per layer (0 = static, 1 = follows camera 1:1, fractional values for depth). Add repeatsize for infinite tiling.

See [references/parallax.md](references/parallax.md) for Parallax2D setup, side-scroller layer example, infinite repeat, split-screen parallax, common mistakes.

4. 2D Lights and Shadows

PointLight2D and DirectionalLight2D cast lighting onto sprites — pair with a normal map for 3D-style shading or use additive-blend illumination on flat sprites. Cast shadows with LightOccluder2D.

See [references/lights-and-shadows.md](references/lights-and-shadows.md) for node overview, PointLight2D properties, shadow settings, cull masks, occluders, 2D normal maps, pixel-art lighting tips, and additive-sprite fake-light tricks.

5. 2D Particle Systems

GPUParticles2D for high counts (≥ 50 particles, GPU-driven), CPUParticles2D for low counts or platforms without GPU support. Both share the same ParticleProcessMaterial interface; differences are mainly performance.

See [references/2d-particles.md](references/2d-particles.md) for the GPU-vs-CPU distinguishing choices, basic setup, ParticleProcessMaterial 2D properties, emission from textures, flipbook, visibility rect, common 2D recipes.

6. Custom Drawing

Override draw() on any CanvasItem to draw lines, polygons, text, or arbitrary shapes. Call queueredraw() to trigger a re-render (never call _draw() directly).

See [references/custom-drawing.md](references/custom-drawing.md) for the _draw() method, redrawing patterns, full drawing-methods reference, default font usage, @tool editor preview, line-width gotchas.

Godot 4.7+: DrawableTexture2D — a runtime-drawable texture type — shipped experimental in 4.7 and is not yet recommended for production.

7. 2D Meshes

When to Use

MeshInstance2D replaces Sprite2D when large transparent areas waste GPU fill rate. The GPU draws the entire texture quad including fully transparent pixels — a mesh eliminates those.

Converting Sprite2D to MeshInstance2D

1. Select the Sprite2D
2. Menu: Sprite2D → Convert to MeshInstance2D
3. Adjust growth and simplification parameters
4. Click "Convert 2D Mesh"

Best candidates:

• Screen-sized images with transparency
• Parallax layers with irregular shapes
• Layered images with large transparent borders
• Mobile/low-end GPU targets

8. 2D Antialiasing

Per-Node Antialiasing (Recommended)

Many drawing methods support an antialiased parameter:

draw_line(Vector2.ZERO, Vector2(100, 50), Color.WHITE, 2.0, true)  # antialiased = true

// Equivalent in a CanvasItem subclass (e.g., a custom Control or Node2D):
public override void _Draw()
{
    DrawLine(new Vector2(0, 0), new Vector2(100, 50), Colors.White, width: 2.0f, antialiased: true);
}

Line2D has an Antialiased property in the inspector — set it via line2D.Antialiased = true in C# or as an Inspector toggle in the editor. This works by generating additional geometry — no MSAA needed.

⚠️ Changed in Godot 4.7: CanvasItem antialiased line drawing no longer adds the antialiasing feather. The feather made drawline()-style lines appear thicker than intended, so antialiased lines render thinner after upgrading — projects that relied on the old look must draw a thicker width. See the 4.7 migration guide.