Architecting Flutter Applications

Contents

• [Architectural Layers](#architectural-layers)
• [Project Structure](#project-structure)
• [Workflow: Implementing a New Feature](#workflow-implementing-a-new-feature)
• [Examples](#examples)

Architectural Layers

Enforce strict Separation of Concerns by dividing the application into distinct layers. Never mix UI rendering with business logic or data fetching.

UI Layer (Presentation)

Implement the MVVM (Model-View-ViewModel) pattern to manage UI state and logic.

• Views: Write reusable, lean widgets. Restrict logic in Views to UI-specific operations (e.g., animations, layout constraints, simple routing). Pass all required data from the ViewModel.
• ViewModels: Manage UI state and handle user interactions. Extend ChangeNotifier (or use Listenable) to expose state. Expose immutable state snapshots to the View. Inject Repositories into ViewModels via the constructor.

Data Layer

Implement the Repository pattern to isolate data access logic and create a single source of truth.

• Services: Create stateless classes to wrap external APIs (HTTP clients, local databases, platform plugins). Return raw API models or Result wrappers.
• Repositories: Consume one or more Services. Transform raw API models into clean Domain Models. Handle caching, offline synchronization, and retry logic. Expose Domain Models to ViewModels.

Logic Layer (Domain - Optional)

• Use Cases: Implement this layer only if the application contains complex business logic that clutters the ViewModel, or if logic must be reused across multiple ViewModels. Extract this logic into dedicated Use Case (interactor) classes that sit between ViewModels and Repositories.

Project Structure

Organize the codebase using a hybrid approach: group UI components by feature, and group Data/Domain components by type.

lib/
├── data/
│   ├── models/         # API models
│   ├── repositories/   # Repository implementations
│   └── services/       # API clients, local storage wrappers
├── domain/
│   ├── models/         # Clean domain models
│   └── use_cases/      # Optional business logic classes
└── ui/
    ├── core/           # Shared widgets, themes, typography
    └── features/
        └── [feature_name]/
            ├── view_models/
            └── views/

Workflow: Implementing a New Feature

Follow this sequential workflow when adding a new feature to the application. Copy the checklist to track progress.

Task Progress

• Step 1: Define Domain Models. Create immutable data classes for the feature using freezed or built_value.
• Step 2: Implement Services. Create or update Service classes to handle external API communication.
• Step 3: Implement Repositories. Create the Repository to consume Services and return Domain Models.
• Step 4: Apply Conditional Logic (Domain Layer).

- If the feature requires complex data transformation or cross-repository logic: Create a Use Case class. - If the feature is a simple CRUD operation: Skip to Step 5.

• Step 5: Implement the ViewModel. Create the ViewModel extending ChangeNotifier. Inject required Repositories/Use Cases. Expose immutable state and command methods.
• Step 6: Implement the View. Create the UI widget. Use ListenableBuilder or AnimatedBuilder to listen to ViewModel changes.
• Step 7: Inject Dependencies. Register the new Service, Repository, and ViewModel in the dependency injection container (e.g., provider or get_it).
• Step 8: Run Validator. Execute unit tests for the ViewModel and Repository.

- Feedback Loop: Run tests -> Review failures -> Fix logic -> Re-run until passing.

Examples

Data Layer: Service and Repository

// 1. Service (Raw API interaction)
class ApiClient {
  Future<UserApiModel> fetchUser(String id) async {
    // HTTP GET implementation...
  }
}

// 2. Repository (Single source of truth, returns Domain Model)
class UserRepository {
  UserRepository({required ApiClient apiClient}) : _apiClient = apiClient;
  
  final ApiClient _apiClient;
  User? _cachedUser;

  Future<User> getUser(String id) async {
    if (_cachedUser != null) return _cachedUser!;
    
    final apiModel = await _apiClient.fetchUser(id);
    _cachedUser = User(id: apiModel.id, name: apiModel.fullName); // Transform to Domain Model
    return _cachedUser!;
  }
}

UI Layer: ViewModel and View

// 3. ViewModel (State management and presentation logic)
class ProfileViewModel extends ChangeNotifier {
  ProfileViewModel({required UserRepository userRepository}) 
      : _userRepository = userRepository;

  final UserRepository _userRepository;

  User? _user;
  User? get user => _user;

  bool _isLoading = false;
  bool get isLoading => _isLoading;

  Future<void> loadProfile(String id) async {
    _isLoading = true;
    notifyListeners();

    try {
      _user = await _userRepository.getUser(id);
    } finally {
      _isLoading = false;
      notifyListeners();
    }
  }
}

// 4. View (Dumb UI component)
class ProfileView extends StatelessWidget {
  const ProfileView({super.key, required this.viewModel});

  final ProfileViewModel viewModel;

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return ListenableBuilder(
      listenable: viewModel,
      builder: (context, _) {
        if (viewModel.isLoading) {
          return const Center(child: CircularProgressIndicator());
        }
        
        final user = viewModel.user;
        if (user == null) {
          return const Center(child: Text('User not found'));
        }

        return Column(
          children: [
            Text(user.name),
            ElevatedButton(
              onPressed: () => viewModel.loadProfile(user.id),
              child: const Text('Refresh'),
            ),
          ],
        );
      },
    );
  }
}