Spree Catalog

Commands below use the Spree CLI form (spree …, Docker). On a classic Rails app without the CLI (typical pre-5.4), use the native mapping in the spree-project skill — bin/rails / bundle exec rake from the app root, paths without the backend/ prefix.

The catalog is everything that's for sale: Products, the Variants underneath them, the Options that distinguish those Variants, the Categories that group them, and the search index that makes them findable.

The catalog graph

Product
  ├── Variant (one master + zero or more "real" variants; master flagged via `is_master`)
  │     ├── Price (per currency)
  │     ├── StockItem (per stock location)
  │     ├── VariantMedia (images, videos, focal point — 5.5)
  │     └── OptionValue × OptionValueVariant
  ├── Category × Classification (the join)
  ├── ProductPublication × Channel (5.5 — which channels surface this product)
  ├── ProductPromotionRule (which promos this product qualifies for)
  └── Metafield (custom fields — 5.4+)

Product vs Variant

The Product is the storefront concept — name, slug, description, category. It rarely changes once published.

The Variant is the SKU — what gets added to a cart, what has a price, what has inventory. A Product has at least one Variant.

Master variant and default variant

Every Product has a "master" Variant — Product.master — which historically holds default attributes (price, weight, SKU) when the Product has no real variants. Real variants override.

product = Spree::Product.find_by(slug: 'cool-shirt')
product.master            # => the master variant (default attributes)
product.variants          # => non-master "real" variants (color/size combos)
product.variants_including_master   # => everything

If a Product has variants (color × size), the master is mostly a placeholder; default pricing/SKU still lives there as a fallback.

Product#defaultvariant is a computed helper, not a stored column. With Spree::Config[:trackinventory_levels] enabled it returns the first purchasable (in-stock or backorderable) variant; if none qualifies — or inventory tracking is off — it returns the first variant by position. A product with no real variants falls back to the master:

product.default_variant   # => first purchasable (or first-by-position) variant; master if the product has no variants

A real defaultvariantid FK on Product is planned for 6.0 (6.0-remove-master-variant.md, implementation not started). Today Product#defaultvariantid is just a memoized method returning default_variant.id, and master is still the live mechanism — not a backwards-compatibility accessor.

Options + OptionTypes + OptionValues

This is how Variants distinguish themselves.

OptionType  "Size"          ─┐
OptionType  "Color"         ─┤
                             │
ProductOptionType  Product ──┘  (which OptionTypes apply to which Product)

OptionValue  Size: "S"      ─┐
OptionValue  Size: "M"      ─┤
OptionValue  Color: "Red"   ─┤
OptionValue  Color: "Blue"  ─┘

OptionValueVariant  Variant ──┘  (which Values apply to which Variant)

A Product declares which OptionTypes apply via productoptiontypes. Each Variant of that Product picks one OptionValue per OptionType. So a "T-Shirt" Product with [Size, Color] OptionTypes has Variants like [Size=M, Color=Red], [Size=L, Color=Blue], etc.

product.option_types       # => [Size, Color]
variant.option_values      # => [Size=M, Color=Red]
variant.options_text       # => "Size: M, Color: Red"

OptionType kind (5.4)

OptionType has a kind field controlling how it renders in the admin: dropdown, colorswatch, buttons. OptionValue's colorcode field stores the hex for color_swatch rendering.

size = Spree::OptionType.create!(name: 'size', presentation: 'Size', kind: 'buttons')
color = Spree::OptionType.create!(name: 'color', presentation: 'Color', kind: 'color_swatch')

red = color.option_values.create!(name: 'red', presentation: 'Red', color_code: '#ff0000')

Categories (formerly Taxons)

Spree 5.5 added Spree::Category, a subclass of Spree::Taxon — the merchant-facing concept for the hierarchical product grouping.

Category (hierarchical — left/right via awesome_nested_set)
  ├── Classification (the join — multiple Products per Category, multiple Categories per Product)
  ├── permalink         (URL slug, hierarchical: "men/shirts/casual")
  └── i18n on name + description

Spree::Category < Spree::Taxon, sharing the spreetaxons table — but they are not interchangeable: a Category is owned directly via storeid and needs no Taxonomy (it default-scopes to manually-curated taxons), while a plain Taxon requires a parent Taxonomy. Use Spree::Category in new code; Spree::Taxon remains for backwards compatibility.

shirts = Spree::Category.find_by(permalink: 'men/shirts')
shirts.products                          # => Products directly in this Category
shirts.descendants                       # => sub-categories
shirts.active_products_with_descendants  # => active Products in this Category or any descendant

ProductPublication (5.5 — channel-scoped visibility)

In 5.5, products belong to a Store via store_id (single owner). Visibility per Channel is managed via ProductPublication:

product.product_publications                                           # ProductPublication × Channel
product.product_publications.where(channel: store.default_channel)     # publication for the default channel

A ProductPublication has publishedat and unpublishedat windows. The Product.forstore(store) scope returns products owned by a store (storeid); per-channel visibility is checked via Product.for_channel(channel) / ProductPublications; Product.active(currency) filters to products that are live with prices in the requested currency.

Pre-5.5 (4.x, early 5.x): Products were on Stores directly via spreeproductsstores. The 5.4→5.5 upgrade migrates this. See the spree-upgrade skill.

Search

Spree ships a pluggable search provider system in 5.4+:

Configured via Spree.search_provider = 'Spree::SearchProvider::Meilisearch' in backend/config/initializers/spree.rb.

Reindexing

spree rake spree:search:reindex

The task is a no-op on the Database provider (no index to maintain) and a full catalog push on Meilisearch. Required after:

• Bulk product imports
• Schema changes (new searchable attribute)
• Switching providers
• The 5.4→5.5 channels upgrade (products gain storeid and become visible to forstore)

Custom searchable attributes

Spree's search-indexed fields come from Spree::Product#searchpresentation, which returns the array of document hashes (one per market × locale combination) that gets pushed to the index. Override via a decorator or — preferred — swap the presenter via Spree::Dependencies.searchproductpresenterclass. After changes, reindex.

Images + Media

5.5 added product-level media. Media records (Spree::Asset subclasses) have a mediatype from Spree::Asset::MEDIATYPES = %w[image video externalvideo]. Images use ActiveStorage attachments; both video media types (video, externalvideo) require a URL in externalvideourl — hosted video-file uploads are not supported. focal_point enables crop-aware thumbnails on images.

product.media                                       # all media for the product
product.media.where(media_type: 'image').first      # first image

The legacy variant-level Spree::Image (via Spree::Asset) still exists for variants. Variants also expose variantmedia, associatedmedia, and gallery_media for finer-grained queries.

Images use ActiveStorage. Resized derivatives (mini/small/medium/large/xlarge/ogimage — see Spree::Config.productimagevariantsizes) are declared with preprocessed: true, so ActiveStorage generates WebP variants in background jobs right after upload.

Brand (custom — your Product's brand)

Spree doesn't ship a Brand model out of the box (different merchants want different brand models — sometimes a Category, sometimes a separate concept with logo/banner/SEO). The spree:api_resource Brand generator scaffolds one. See the spree-resource skill.

If you scaffold a Brand model, link it from Product via a decorator:

module Spree::ProductDecorator
  def self.prepended(base)
    base.belongs_to :brand, class_name: 'Spree::Brand', optional: true
    base.delegate :name, to: :brand, prefix: true, allow_nil: true
  end

  Spree::Product.prepend self
end

Common catalog operations

"My product isn't showing in the store"

Walk this list:

1. Is it on the store? Spree::Product.forstore(store).where(id: id).exists? — if false, the Product's storeid doesn't point at this store. (Publication checks come next.)
2. Is it published on the current channel? product.productpublications.where(channel: Spree::Current.channel).any? — if false, no ProductPublication for the channel in scope. (equivalently: Spree::Product.forchannel(Spree::Current.channel).exists?(id: product.id))
3. Is the publication window active? (publishedat is nil OR publishedat <= Time.current) AND (unpublishedat is nil OR unpublishedat > Time.current).
4. Does it have a price in the current currency? product.master.prices.where(currency: Spree::Current.currency).any?
5. Is it in stock? product.instock? — false if no trackinventory variant has positive stock.
6. Is the search index stale? If using Meilisearch, run spree rake spree:search:reindex.

"Bulk-update prices"

For currency-wide price changes, batch via Spree::Price.where(currency: 'USD').updateall('amount = amount 1.1'). After: the product is fine, but if you have PriceHistory enabled (EU Omnibus), note that updateall bypasses the aftersave callback that records history — iterate and save instead (Spree::Price.where(currency: 'USD').where.not(amount: nil).findeach { |p| p.update!(amount: p.amount 1.1) }) or create Spree::PriceHistory rows explicitly. (spree rake spree:price_history:seed is only a one-time post-migration backfill that skips any price that already has history rows.) See the spree-pricing skill.

"Add a custom field to Products"

Use Metafields (5.4) — no decorator, no schema change. First create a MetafieldDefinition (in the admin or via seed/migration) with a namespace + key + type + displayon (backend or both — the admin UI doesn't offer a front_end-only option for metafields). Then set values per record:

product.set_metafield('catalog.season', 'fall-2026')
product.get_metafield('catalog.season')&.value   # => "fall-2026" (get_metafield returns the Spree::Metafield record, or nil)

displayon: frontend (or both) surfaces the metafield on the Store API; back_end is admin-only. See Spree::Metafields concern and the spree-resource skill (--metafields flag) for built-in support.

Where to read further

• Core concepts: node_modules/@spree/docs/dist/developer/core-concepts/products.md
• Media: node_modules/@spree/docs/dist/developer/core-concepts/media.md
• Search + filtering: node_modules/@spree/docs/dist/developer/core-concepts/search-filtering.md
• Custom search provider: node_modules/@spree/docs/dist/developer/how-to/custom-search-provider.md