Foundry Testing Best Practices

Fuzz Testing Strategy

1. Fuzz function inputs by default - When a test function has parameters, Foundry automatically fuzzes them
2. Use bound() over vm.assume - Prefer bound(value, min, max) to constrain inputs; vm.assume discards runs and wastes iterations
3. Apply Equivalence Class Partitioning - Only fuzz parameters that affect the code path under test. If a parameter doesn't change behavior, use a fixed representative value
4. Maximize bounds - Use the widest reasonable bounds to maximize coverage

// Good: bound with max range
amount = bound(amount, 1, type(uint96).max);

// Avoid: vm.assume wastes fuzz runs
vm.assume(amount > 0 && amount < type(uint96).max);

Test Organization

1. Gas benchmarks use _gas suffix - Enables filtering with forge test --mt gas
2. Pattern: testfoogas() calls test_foo(fixed, values) for deterministic gas measurement
3. Tests can return values for composition and reuse
4. Group tests by functionality with section headers

function test_stake_gas() public returns (uint256 depositId) {
    depositId = test_stake(address(this), 1 ether, OPERATOR, 0, address(this));
}

function test_stake(
    address depositor,
    uint96 amount,
    address operator,
    uint256 commissionRate,
    address beneficiary
) public givenOperator(operator, commissionRate) returns (uint256 depositId) {
    // Implementation...
}

Modularity

1. Extract setup as modifiers - e.g., givenOperator(operator, rate), givenSpaceHasPointedToOperator(space, operator)
2. Decouple unit tests - Avoid complex dependencies; simpler tests are easier to fuzz
3. Use harness contracts for testing internal functions

contract MyContractHarness is MyContractBase {
    function internalFunction(uint256 x) external pure returns (uint256) {
        return _internalFunction(x);
    }
}

Coverage Requirements

1. Verify events with vm.expectEmit
2. Verify reverts with vm.expectRevert
3. Test storage slots - Verify EIP-7201 namespaced storage constants
4. Cover critical paths - All state transitions, edge cases, and error conditions

// Event verification
vm.expectEmit(address(contract));
emit SomeEvent(expectedArg1, expectedArg2);
contract.someFunction();

// Revert verification
vm.expectRevert(SomeError.selector);
contract.shouldRevert();

// Storage slot verification (EIP-7201)
function test_storageSlot() public pure {
    bytes32 slot = keccak256(
        abi.encode(uint256(keccak256("namespace.storage")) - 1)
    ) & ~bytes32(uint256(0xff));
    assertEq(slot, MyStorage.STORAGE_SLOT);
}

Naming Convention

Gas Benchmarking Workflow

To compare gas usage before/after code changes:

# 1. Stash source changes (keep test changes)
git stash push -m "optimization" -- src/path/to/Changed.sol

# 2. Run baseline snapshot (--mt gas filters to _gas suffix tests)
forge snapshot --mc TestContract --mt gas

# 3. Pop stash to restore changes
git stash pop

# 4. Run diff against baseline
forge snapshot --mc TestContract --mt gas --diff

This workflow:

• Keeps new _gas test functions while measuring the old implementation
• Shows gas delta for each test with percentage change
• Reports overall gas change summary

Reference Examples

• [RewardsDistributionV2.t.sol](test/base/registry/RewardsDistributionV2.t.sol) - Comprehensive test patterns
• [SubscriptionModuleUnit.t.sol](test/apps/modules/SubscriptionModuleUnit.t.sol) - Harness pattern for internal functions