nvalchemi Training API

Overview

Use TrainingStrategy as the owner of one training job: model(s), dataloaders, loss, optimizer/scheduler config, validation, hooks, runtime counters, and checkpoints. For full details, see docs/userguide/training.md, docs/userguide/losses.md, and docs/modules/training/checkpoints.rst.

import torch

from nvalchemi.data import Batch
from nvalchemi.models.base import BaseModelMixin
from nvalchemi.training import (
    CheckpointHook,
    ComposedLossFunction,
    CosineWeight,
    EnergyMSELoss,
    ForceMSELoss,
    LinearWeight,
    OptimizerConfig,
    StressMSELoss,
    TrainingStrategy,
    ValidationConfig,
    create_model_spec,
)

Minimal Pattern

loss_fn = ComposedLossFunction(
    [EnergyMSELoss(), ForceMSELoss()],
    weights=[1.0, 10.0],
    normalize_weights=False,
)

strategy = TrainingStrategy(
    models=model,
    optimizer_configs=OptimizerConfig(
        optimizer_cls=torch.optim.AdamW,
        optimizer_kwargs={"lr": 1e-4, "weight_decay": 1e-5},
    ),
    loss_fn=loss_fn,
    validation_config=ValidationConfig(validation_data=val_loader, every_n_epochs=1),
    hooks=[CheckpointHook("runs/example/checkpoints", epoch_interval=1)],
    num_epochs=20,
)
strategy.run(train_loader)

Model-Agnostic Inputs

Accept any torch.nn.Module that works with the selected training_fn. Prefer wrapped BaseModelMixin models for standard AtomicData/Batch contracts; see the nvalchemi-model-wrapping skill or docs/userguide/models.md when adapting arbitrary MLIPs.

Make model construction reproducible when possible. Use native checkpoint constructors that carry a spec, or store a createmodelspec(...) for custom wrappers so strategy checkpoints can rebuild the model before loading weights. Treat foreign checkpoints as imported weights until a fresh TrainingStrategy checkpoint has been saved.

Custom Training Functions

Use trainingfn when the batch needs custom routing, multiple models, teacher outputs, auxiliary predictions, or non-standard model outputs. It receives (model, batch) for a single model or (models, batch) for named models and returns the prediction mapping consumed by lossfn.

For multiple models, pass a named mapping. optimizerconfigs must use the same model keys for trainable models. Models absent from optimizerconfigs may be used in the forward path but are frozen during training.

def training_fn(models: dict[str, BaseModelMixin], batch: Batch):
    student = models["student"](batch)
    with torch.no_grad():
        teacher = models["teacher"](batch)
    return {
        "student_energy": student["energy"],
        "teacher_energy": teacher["energy"].detach(),
    }

loss_fn = ComposedLossFunction(
    [EnergyMSELoss(prediction_key="student_energy", target_key="teacher_energy")]
)

strategy = TrainingStrategy(
    models={"student": student_model, "teacher": teacher_model},
    optimizer_configs={
        "student": [
            OptimizerConfig(
                optimizer_cls=torch.optim.AdamW,
                optimizer_kwargs={"lr": 3e-5},
            )
        ]
    },
    training_fn=training_fn,
    loss_fn=loss_fn,
    num_epochs=5,
)

If targets do not come directly from the batch, also provide a losstargetassembler; see docs/userguide/training.md.

Losses And Scheduling

A standalone leaf loss such as EnergyMSELoss() can be used when the objective has one target. Use ComposedLossFunction or operator sugar for multi-target objectives. Leaf losses consume unweighted tensors; weights and schedules live on the composition. Built-in schedules include ConstantWeight, LinearWeight, CosineWeight, and PiecewiseWeight.

Built-in losses default to dtypepolicy="strict" and raise when prediction and target dtypes differ. When building or reviewing workflows, check likely label/model dtype alignment, such as float64 dataset labels with float32 model outputs. If the mismatch is intentional, tell the user they can set dtypepolicy="predictiontotarget" to cast outputs to labels or dtypepolicy="targetto_prediction" to cast labels to outputs. Set the policy on an explicit ComposedLossFunction(...), on a leaf loss, or after operator-sugar construction:

loss_fn = EnergyMSELoss() + ForceMSELoss()
loss_fn.dtype_policy = "prediction_to_target"

A leaf loss with its own explicit dtypepolicy overrides the composed-level policy. The setting is included in serializable loss specs for restartable training workflows. For CLI scaffolds, pass --loss-dtype-policy strict, --loss-dtype-policy predictiontotarget, or --loss-dtype-policy targetto_prediction to nvalchemi-training train init or nvalchemi-training finetune init ...; spec report shows the selected policy.

loss_fn = (
    1.0 * EnergyMSELoss()
    + LinearWeight(start=0.0, end=10.0, num_steps=1000) * ForceMSELoss()
    + CosineWeight(start=0.0, end=0.1, num_steps=5000) * StressMSELoss()
)

Caveats:

• normalize_weights=True is the default; set False for raw coefficient sums.
• per_epoch=True schedules require epoch during loss calls.
• Custom schedules must implement per_epoch, call(step, epoch), and

to_spec() if they are used in restartable strategy checkpoints.

• For custom leaf-loss internals, use nvalchemi-loss-api and

docs/userguide/losses.md.

Optimizers And Schedulers

Use OptimizerConfig(optimizercls=..., optimizerkwargs=...); add schedulercls and schedulerkwargs when needed. Keyword arguments are validated against class constructors before training starts.

Time-based schedulers step after optimizer steps. ReduceLROnPlateau-style metric schedulers step after validation; set schedulermetricadapter to a validation-summary key or callable when the default "total_loss" is not right.

Checkpoints And Reproducibility

Training workflows should be fully checkpointable and reproducible:

• Use deterministic model/wrapper constructors or createmodelspec(...).
• Keep loss functions, schedules, optimizer configs, and restart-critical hooks

serializable; implement to_spec() where protocols require it.

• Use CheckpointHook for periodic checkpoints and save early enough for preempted

jobs, including Slurm-style cluster runs.

• Make data splits, sampler state, seeds, units, dtype/device choices, and config

files explicit in the run directory.

• For multi-GPU or multi-node runs (DDP, rank-safe checkpointing), see the

Scaling to multiple GPUs section below.

Strategy checkpoints are restart packages: model weights, optimizer and scheduler state, strategy counters, checkpointable hook state, and reconstruction metadata.

Resume Training

Use resume when continuing the same run after interruption. This is different from fine-tuning, which imports weights into a new objective or dataset.

strategy = TrainingStrategy.load_checkpoint("runs/example/checkpoints", map_location="cuda")
strategy.run(train_loader)

Resume only from native TrainingStrategy checkpoints when optimizer, scheduler, hook state, and counters matter. Plain pretrained weight files are not sufficient for faithful continuation. To start a fresh fine-tuning run from native checkpoint weights, use FineTuningStrategy.frompretrainedcheckpoint(...) from nvalchemi-fine-tuning; opt into source loss or optimizer classes with useoriginalloss=True or useoriginalopt_class=True when those defaults are desired. See docs/modules/training/checkpoints.rst.

Scaling to multiple GPUs (DDP)

Data-parallel training routes through DistributedManager (re-exported from PhysicsNeMo as nvalchemi.distributed.DistributedManager); prefer it as the single entry point. It owns rank, device, and process-group state, and passing it to TrainingStrategy alongside a DDPHook gives every hook the same runtime view, so one script runs unchanged on one process or many (with world size one, DDPHook is a no-op). See docs/userguide/distributed_training.md for the full guide.

from nvalchemi.distributed import DistributedManager
from nvalchemi.training.hooks import DDPHook

DistributedManager.initialize()          # also handles single-process runs
manager = DistributedManager()

strategy = TrainingStrategy(
    models=model,
    optimizer_configs=OptimizerConfig(
        optimizer_cls=torch.optim.AdamW, optimizer_kwargs={"lr": 1e-4}
    ),
    loss_fn=EnergyMSELoss() + ForceMSELoss(),
    distributed_manager=manager,
    hooks=[DDPHook(), CheckpointHook("runs/ddp/checkpoints", epoch_interval=1)],
    num_epochs=20,
)
strategy.run(train_loader)

DDPHook (during strategy setup) wraps the trainable models in DistributedDataParallel, selects the rank-local device, and injects a distributed sampler into the active dataloader, so no manual sampler wiring is needed. Rank-safety is handled for you: validation all-reduces its metrics across ranks (so never rank-gate the validation call), and CheckpointHook writes from global rank 0 only, unwrapping DDP so checkpoints store plain weights. Reporting is rank-aware too (see nvalchemi-reporting).

Launch one process per GPU with torchrun:

torchrun --standalone --nproc_per_node=4 train.py
# runnable example:
uv run --extra cuXX torchrun --standalone --nproc_per_node=2 \
    examples/intermediate/06_ddp_mlp_training.py --backend auto

For multi-node launches (torchrun --nnodes/--rdzvendpoint or Slurm srun), the rank helpers (getrank, getworldsize, barrier, allreduce in nvalchemi/training/distributed.py), and sampler/backend tuning, see docs/userguide/distributedtraining.md.