OpenTelemetry Transformation Language (OTTL)

Components that use OTTL

OTTL is not limited to the transform and filter processors. Processors (transform, filter, attributes, span, tailsampling, cumulativetodelta, logdedup, lookup), connectors (routing, count, sum, signaltometrics), and the hostmetrics receiver all accept OTTL expressions. See [components](./rules/components.md) for the full list with use cases.

OTTL syntax

Path expressions

Navigate telemetry data using dot notation:

span.name
span.attributes["http.method"]
resource.attributes["service.name"]

Contexts (first path segment): resource, scope, span, spanevent, metric, datapoint, log.

Enumerations

Use int64 constants for enumeration fields:

span.status.code == STATUS_CODE_ERROR
span.kind == SPAN_KIND_SERVER

Operators

Assignment: = — Comparison: ==, !=, >, <, >=, <= — Logical: and, or, not

Functions

Converters (uppercase, return values):

ToUpperCase(span.attributes["http.request.method"])
Substring(log.body.string, 0, 1024)
Concat(["prefix", span.attributes["request.id"]], "-")
IsMatch(metric.name, "^k8s\\..*$")

Editors (lowercase, modify data in-place):

set(span.attributes["region"], "us-east-1")
delete_key(resource.attributes, "internal.key")
limit(log.attributes, 10, [])

See [function-reference](./rules/function-reference.md) for the full list of editors and converters.

Conditional statements

Use where to apply transformations conditionally:

<!-- eval:skip -->

span.attributes["db.statement"] = "REDACTED" where resource.attributes["service.name"] == "accounting"

Nil checks

Use nil for absence checking (not null):

resource.attributes["service.name"] != nil

Validation workflow

1. Validate config syntax — run otelcol validate --config=config.yaml to catch compilation errors before starting the Collector.
2. Test with the debug exporter — route transformed telemetry to a debug exporter and inspect the output:

exporters:
  debug:
    verbosity: detailed

service:
  pipelines:
    traces:
      receivers: [otlp]
      processors: [transform]
      exporters: [debug]   # swap in production exporter once validated

1. Set error_mode: ignore in production — see [Error handling](#error-handling).
2. Promote to production exporters — replace debug with the production exporter.

Common patterns

<!-- keep-in-sync: each entry must match a ## heading in ./rules/patterns.md -->

• [Set attributes](./rules/patterns.md#set-attributes)
• [Drop telemetry by pattern](./rules/patterns.md#drop-telemetry-by-pattern)
• [Drop stale data](./rules/patterns.md#drop-stale-data)
• [Backfill missing timestamps](./rules/patterns.md#backfill-missing-timestamps)
• [Filter processor example](./rules/patterns.md#filter-processor-example)
• [Transform processor example](./rules/patterns.md#transform-processor-example)
• [Defensive nil checks](./rules/patterns.md#defensive-nil-checks)
• [Redact sensitive data](./rules/redaction.md) — strategies: replace, mask, hash, delete, and drop.
• [Normalize high-cardinality attributes](./rules/cardinality.md) — path segments, IP masking, and attribute count/length limits.
• [Enrich telemetry with static attributes](./rules/enrichment.md)

Error handling

Compilation errors

Occur during processor initialization and prevent Collector startup:

• Invalid syntax (missing quotes)
• Unknown functions
• Invalid path expressions
• Type mismatches

Runtime errors

Occur during telemetry processing:

• Accessing non-existent attributes
• Type conversion failures
• Function execution errors

Error mode configuration

Set error_mode explicitly for clarity; ignore is the default.

processors:
  transform:
    error_mode: ignore
    trace_statements:
      - set(span.attributes["parsed"], ParseJSON(span.attributes["json_body"]))

Statements are a flat list; the Collector infers the context (span, metric, datapoint, log, and so on) from the path prefixes. Use the object form with an explicit context: only when a statement group mixes paths that cannot be inferred to a single context, or when you need a group-level condition or error_mode.

Performance

Use where clauses to skip items early.

# BAD — runs replace_pattern on every span
replace_pattern(span.attributes["url.path"], "/\\d+", "/{id}")

# GOOD — skips spans that lack the attribute
replace_pattern(span.attributes["url.path"], "/\\d+", "/{id}") where span.attributes["url.path"] != nil

References

• OTTL Guide
• OTTL Specification
• OTTL Functions Reference
• OTTL Playground