Playwright Best Practices
This skill provides comprehensive guidance for all aspects of Playwright test development, from writing new tests to debugging and maintaining existing test suites.
Activity-Based Reference Guide
Consult these references based on what you're doing:
Writing New Tests
When to use: Creating new test files, writing test cases, implementing test scenarios
| Activity |
Reference Files |
| Writing E2E tests |
[test-suite-structure.md](core/test-suite-structure.md), [locators.md](core/locators.md), [assertions-waiting.md](core/assertions-waiting.md) |
| Writing component tests |
[component-testing.md](testing-patterns/component-testing.md), [test-suite-structure.md](core/test-suite-structure.md) |
| Writing API tests |
[api-testing.md](testing-patterns/api-testing.md), [test-suite-structure.md](core/test-suite-structure.md) |
| Writing GraphQL tests |
[graphql-testing.md](testing-patterns/graphql-testing.md), [api-testing.md](testing-patterns/api-testing.md) |
| Writing visual regression tests |
[visual-regression.md](testing-patterns/visual-regression.md), [canvas-webgl.md](testing-patterns/canvas-webgl.md) |
| Structuring test code with POM |
[page-object-model.md](core/page-object-model.md), [test-suite-structure.md](core/test-suite-structure.md) |
| Setting up test data/fixtures |
[fixtures-hooks.md](core/fixtures-hooks.md), [test-data.md](core/test-data.md) |
| Handling authentication |
[authentication.md](advanced/authentication.md), [authentication-flows.md](advanced/authentication-flows.md) |
| Testing date/time features |
[clock-mocking.md](advanced/clock-mocking.md) |
| Testing file upload/download |
[file-operations.md](testing-patterns/file-operations.md), [file-upload-download.md](testing-patterns/file-upload-download.md) |
| Testing forms/validation |
[forms-validation.md](testing-patterns/forms-validation.md) |
| Testing drag and drop |
[drag-drop.md](testing-patterns/drag-drop.md) |
| Testing accessibility |
[accessibility.md](testing-patterns/accessibility.md) |
| Testing security (XSS, CSRF) |
[security-testing.md](testing-patterns/security-testing.md) |
| Using test annotations |
[annotations.md](core/annotations.md) |
| Using test tags |
[test-tags.md](core/test-tags.md) |
| Testing iframes |
[iframes.md](browser-apis/iframes.md) |
| Testing canvas/WebGL |
[canvas-webgl.md](testing-patterns/canvas-webgl.md) |
| Internationalization (i18n) |
[i18n.md](testing-patterns/i18n.md) |
| Testing Electron apps |
[electron.md](testing-patterns/electron.md) |
| Testing browser extensions |
[browser-extensions.md](testing-patterns/browser-extensions.md) |
Mobile & Responsive Testing
When to use: Testing mobile devices, touch interactions, responsive layouts
| Activity |
Reference Files |
| Device emulation |
[mobile-testing.md](advanced/mobile-testing.md) |
| Touch gestures (swipe, tap) |
[mobile-testing.md](advanced/mobile-testing.md) |
| Viewport/breakpoint testing |
[mobile-testing.md](advanced/mobile-testing.md) |
| Mobile-specific UI |
[mobile-testing.md](advanced/mobile-testing.md), [locators.md](core/locators.md) |
Real-Time & Browser APIs
When to use: Testing WebSockets, geolocation, permissions, multi-tab flows
| Activity |
Reference Files |
| WebSocket/real-time testing |
[websockets.md](browser-apis/websockets.md) |
| Geolocation mocking |
[browser-apis.md](browser-apis/browser-apis.md) |
| Permission handling |
[browser-apis.md](browser-apis/browser-apis.md) |
| Clipboard testing |
[browser-apis.md](browser-apis/browser-apis.md) |
| Camera/microphone mocking |
[browser-apis.md](browser-apis/browser-apis.md) |
| Multi-tab/popup flows |
[multi-context.md](advanced/multi-context.md) |
| OAuth popup handling |
[third-party.md](advanced/third-party.md), [multi-context.md](advanced/multi-context.md) |
Debugging & Troubleshooting
When to use: Test failures, element not found, timeouts, unexpected behavior
| Activity |
Reference Files |
| Debugging test failures |
[debugging.md](debugging/debugging.md), [assertions-waiting.md](core/assertions-waiting.md) |
| Fixing flaky tests |
[flaky-tests.md](debugging/flaky-tests.md), [debugging.md](debugging/debugging.md), [assertions-waiting.md](core/assertions-waiting.md) |
| Debugging flaky parallel runs |
[flaky-tests.md](debugging/flaky-tests.md), [performance.md](infrastructure-ci-cd/performance.md), [fixtures-hooks.md](core/fixtures-hooks.md) |
| Ensuring test isolation / avoiding state leak |
[flaky-tests.md](debugging/flaky-tests.md), [fixtures-hooks.md](core/fixtures-hooks.md), [performance.md](infrastructure-ci-cd/performance.md) |
| Fixing selector issues |
[locators.md](core/locators.md), [debugging.md](debugging/debugging.md) |
| Investigating timeout issues |
[assertions-waiting.md](core/assertions-waiting.md), [debugging.md](debugging/debugging.md) |
| Using trace viewer |
[debugging.md](debugging/debugging.md) |
| Debugging race conditions |
[flaky-tests.md](debugging/flaky-tests.md), [debugging.md](debugging/debugging.md), [assertions-waiting.md](core/assertions-waiting.md) |
| Debugging console/JS errors |
[console-errors.md](debugging/console-errors.md), [debugging.md](debugging/debugging.md) |
Error & Edge Case Testing
When to use: Testing error states, offline mode, network failures, validation
| Activity |
Reference Files |
| Error boundary testing |
[error-testing.md](debugging/error-testing.md) |
| Network failure simulation |
[error-testing.md](debugging/error-testing.md), [network-advanced.md](advanced/network-advanced.md) |
| Offline mode testing |
[error-testing.md](debugging/error-testing.md), [service-workers.md](browser-apis/service-workers.md) |
| Service worker testing |
[service-workers.md](browser-apis/service-workers.md) |
| Loading state testing |
[error-testing.md](debugging/error-testing.md) |
| Form validation testing |
[error-testing.md](debugging/error-testing.md) |
Multi-User & Collaboration Testing
When to use: Testing features involving multiple users, roles, or real-time collaboration
| Activity |
Reference Files |
| Multiple users in one test |
[multi-user.md](advanced/multi-user.md) |
| Real-time collaboration |
[multi-user.md](advanced/multi-user.md), [websockets.md](browser-apis/websockets.md) |
| Role-based access testing |
[multi-user.md](advanced/multi-user.md) |
| Concurrent action testing |
[multi-user.md](advanced/multi-user.md) |
Architecture Decisions
When to use: Choosing test patterns, deciding between approaches, planning test architecture
| Activity |
Reference Files |
| POM vs fixtures decision |
[pom-vs-fixtures.md](architecture/pom-vs-fixtures.md) |
| Test type selection |
[test-architecture.md](architecture/test-architecture.md) |
| Mock vs real services |
[when-to-mock.md](architecture/when-to-mock.md) |
| Test suite structure |
[test-suite-structure.md](core/test-suite-structure.md) |
Framework-Specific Testing
When to use: Testing React, Angular, Vue, or Next.js applications
| Activity |
Reference Files |
| Testing React apps |
[react.md](frameworks/react.md) |
| Testing Angular apps |
[angular.md](frameworks/angular.md) |
| Testing Vue/Nuxt apps |
[vue.md](frameworks/vue.md) |
| Testing Next.js apps |
[nextjs.md](frameworks/nextjs.md) |
Refactoring & Maintenance
When to use: Improving existing tests, code review, reducing duplication
| Activity |
Reference Files |
| Refactoring to Page Object Model |
[page-object-model.md](core/page-object-model.md), [test-suite-structure.md](core/test-suite-structure.md) |
| Improving test organization |
[test-suite-structure.md](core/test-suite-structure.md), [page-object-model.md](core/page-object-model.md) |
| Extracting common setup/teardown |
[fixtures-hooks.md](core/fixtures-hooks.md) |
| Replacing brittle selectors |
[locators.md](core/locators.md) |
| Removing explicit waits |
[assertions-waiting.md](core/assertions-waiting.md) |
| Creating test data factories |
[test-data.md](core/test-data.md) |
| Configuration setup |
[configuration.md](core/configuration.md) |
Infrastructure & Configuration
When to use: Setting up projects, configuring CI/CD, optimizing performance
| Activity |
Reference Files |
| Configuring Playwright project |
[configuration.md](core/configuration.md), [projects-dependencies.md](core/projects-dependencies.md) |
| Setting up CI/CD pipelines |
[ci-cd.md](infrastructure-ci-cd/ci-cd.md), [github-actions.md](infrastructure-ci-cd/github-actions.md) |
| GitHub Actions setup |
[github-actions.md](infrastructure-ci-cd/github-actions.md) |
| GitLab CI setup |
[gitlab.md](infrastructure-ci-cd/gitlab.md) |
| Other CI providers |
[other-providers.md](infrastructure-ci-cd/other-providers.md) |
| Docker/container setup |
[docker.md](infrastructure-ci-cd/docker.md) |
| Global setup & teardown |
[global-setup.md](core/global-setup.md) |
| Project dependencies |
[projects-dependencies.md](core/projects-dependencies.md) |
| Optimizing test performance |
[performance.md](infrastructure-ci-cd/performance.md), [test-suite-structure.md](core/test-suite-structure.md) |
| Configuring parallel execution |
[parallel-sharding.md](infrastructure-ci-cd/parallel-sharding.md), [performance.md](infrastructure-ci-cd/performance.md) |
| Isolating test data between workers |
[fixtures-hooks.md](core/fixtures-hooks.md), [performance.md](infrastructure-ci-cd/performance.md) |
| Test coverage |
[test-coverage.md](infrastructure-ci-cd/test-coverage.md) |
| Test reporting/artifacts |
[reporting.md](infrastructure-ci-cd/reporting.md) |
Advanced Patterns
When to use: Complex scenarios, API mocking, network interception
| Activity |
Reference Files |
| Mocking API responses |
[test-suite-structure.md](core/test-suite-structure.md), [network-advanced.md](advanced/network-advanced.md) |
| Network interception |
[network-advanced.md](advanced/network-advanced.md), [assertions-waiting.md](core/assertions-waiting.md) |
| GraphQL mocking |
[network-advanced.md](advanced/network-advanced.md) |
| HAR recording/playback |
[network-advanced.md](advanced/network-advanced.md) |
| Custom fixtures |
[fixtures-hooks.md](core/fixtures-hooks.md) |
| Advanced waiting strategies |
[assertions-waiting.md](core/assertions-waiting.md) |
| OAuth/SSO mocking |
[third-party.md](advanced/third-party.md), [multi-context.md](advanced/multi-context.md) |
| Payment gateway mocking |
[third-party.md](advanced/third-party.md) |
| Email/SMS verification mocking |
[third-party.md](advanced/third-party.md) |
| Failing on console errors |
[console-errors.md](debugging/console-errors.md) |
| Security testing (XSS, CSRF) |
[security-testing.md](testing-patterns/security-testing.md) |
| Performance budgets & Web Vitals |
[performance-testing.md](testing-patterns/performance-testing.md) |
| Lighthouse integration |
[performance-testing.md](testing-patterns/performance-testing.md) |
| Test annotations (skip, fixme) |
[annotations.md](core/annotations.md) |
| Test tags (@smoke, @fast) |
[test-tags.md](core/test-tags.md) |
| Test steps for reporting |
[annotations.md](core/annotations.md) |
Quick Decision Tree
What are you doing?
│
├─ Writing a new test?
│ ├─ E2E test → core/test-suite-structure.md, core/locators.md, core/assertions-waiting.md
│ ├─ Component test → testing-patterns/component-testing.md
│ ├─ API test → testing-patterns/api-testing.md, core/test-suite-structure.md
│ ├─ GraphQL test → testing-patterns/graphql-testing.md
│ ├─ Visual regression → testing-patterns/visual-regression.md
│ ├─ Visual/canvas test → testing-patterns/canvas-webgl.md, core/test-suite-structure.md
│ ├─ Accessibility test → testing-patterns/accessibility.md
│ ├─ Mobile/responsive test → advanced/mobile-testing.md
│ ├─ i18n/locale test → testing-patterns/i18n.md
│ ├─ Electron app test → testing-patterns/electron.md
│ ├─ Browser extension test → testing-patterns/browser-extensions.md
│ ├─ Multi-user test → advanced/multi-user.md
│ ├─ Form validation test → testing-patterns/forms-validation.md
│ └─ Drag and drop test → testing-patterns/drag-drop.md
│
├─ Testing specific features?
│ ├─ File upload/download → testing-patterns/file-operations.md, testing-patterns/file-upload-download.md
│ ├─ Date/time dependent → advanced/clock-mocking.md
│ ├─ WebSocket/real-time → browser-apis/websockets.md
│ ├─ Geolocation/permissions → browser-apis/browser-apis.md
│ ├─ OAuth/SSO mocking → advanced/third-party.md, advanced/multi-context.md
│ ├─ Payments/email/SMS → advanced/third-party.md
│ ├─ iFrames → browser-apis/iframes.md
│ ├─ Canvas/WebGL/charts → testing-patterns/canvas-webgl.md
│ ├─ Service workers/PWA → browser-apis/service-workers.md
│ ├─ i18n/localization → testing-patterns/i18n.md
│ ├─ Security (XSS, CSRF) → testing-patterns/security-testing.md
│ └─ Performance/Web Vitals → testing-patterns/performance-testing.md
│
├─ Architecture decisions?
│ ├─ POM vs fixtures → architecture/pom-vs-fixtures.md
│ ├─ Test type selection → architecture/test-architecture.md
│ ├─ Mock vs real services → architecture/when-to-mock.md
│ └─ Test suite structure → core/test-suite-structure.md
│
├─ Framework-specific testing?
│ ├─ React app → frameworks/react.md
│ ├─ Angular app → frameworks/angular.md
│ ├─ Vue/Nuxt app → frameworks/vue.md
│ └─ Next.js app → frameworks/nextjs.md
│
├─ Authentication testing?
│ ├─ Basic auth patterns → advanced/authentication.md
│ └─ Complex flows (MFA, reset) → advanced/authentication-flows.md
│
├─ Test is failing/flaky?
│ ├─ Flaky test investigation → debugging/flaky-tests.md
│ ├─ Element not found → core/locators.md, debugging/debugging.md
│ ├─ Timeout issues → core/assertions-waiting.md, debugging/debugging.md
│ ├─ Race conditions → debugging/flaky-tests.md, debugging/debugging.md
│ ├─ Flaky only with multiple workers → debugging/flaky-tests.md, infrastructure-ci-cd/performance.md
│ ├─ State leak / isolation → debugging/flaky-tests.md, core/fixtures-hooks.md
│ ├─ Console/JS errors → debugging/console-errors.md, debugging/debugging.md
│ └─ General debugging → debugging/debugging.md
│
├─ Testing error scenarios?
│ ├─ Network failures → debugging/error-testing.md, advanced/network-advanced.md
│ ├─ Offline (unexpected) → debugging/error-testing.md
│ ├─ Offline-first/PWA → browser-apis/service-workers.md
│ ├─ Error boundaries → debugging/error-testing.md
│ └─ Form validation → testing-patterns/forms-validation.md, debugging/error-testing.md
│
├─ Refactoring existing code?
│ ├─ Implementing POM → core/page-object-model.md
│ ├─ Improving selectors → core/locators.md
│ ├─ Extracting fixtures → core/fixtures-hooks.md
│ ├─ Creating data factories → core/test-data.md
│ └─ Configuration setup → core/configuration.md
│
├─ Setting up infrastructure?
│ ├─ CI/CD → infrastructure-ci-cd/ci-cd.md
│ ├─ GitHub Actions → infrastructure-ci-cd/github-actions.md
│ ├─ GitLab CI → infrastructure-ci-cd/gitlab.md
│ ├─ Other CI providers → infrastructure-ci-cd/other-providers.md
│ ├─ Docker/containers → infrastructure-ci-cd/docker.md
│ ├─ Sharding/parallel → infrastructure-ci-cd/parallel-sharding.md
│ ├─ Reporting/artifacts → infrastructure-ci-cd/reporting.md
│ ├─ Global setup/teardown → core/global-setup.md
│ ├─ Project dependencies → core/projects-dependencies.md
│ ├─ Test performance → infrastructure-ci-cd/performance.md
│ ├─ Test coverage → infrastructure-ci-cd/test-coverage.md
│ └─ Project config → core/configuration.md, core/projects-dependencies.md
│
├─ Organizing tests?
│ ├─ Skip/fixme/slow tests → core/annotations.md
│ ├─ Test tags (@smoke, @fast) → core/test-tags.md
│ ├─ Filtering tests (--grep) → core/test-tags.md
│ ├─ Test steps → core/annotations.md
│ └─ Conditional execution → core/annotations.md
│
└─ Running subset of tests?
├─ By tag (@smoke, @critical) → core/test-tags.md
├─ Exclude slow/flaky tests → core/test-tags.md
├─ PR vs nightly tests → core/test-tags.md, infrastructure-ci-cd/ci-cd.md
└─ Project-specific filtering → core/test-tags.md, core/configuration.md
Test Validation Loop
After writing or modifying tests:
- Run tests:
npx playwright test --reporter=list
- If tests fail:
- Review error output and trace (npx playwright show-trace) - Fix locators, waits, or assertions - Re-run tests
- Only proceed when all tests pass
- Run multiple times for critical tests:
npx playwright test --repeat-each=5